History
Tuscany has over 3000 years of history to look back on. Romans, aristocracy and the middle-classes all left behind their mark. Those loyal to the emperor fought bitterly against those loyal to the Pope, the Medici made a name for themselves as supporters of art.
Tuscan timeline
Etruscans and Romans
1000 B.C. - First traces of the Etruscans
800 B.C. - Founding of Etruscan city states such as Populonia, Fiesole, Arezzo or Volterra; later the League of Twelve, territorial expansion as far as Rome
510 B.C. - The Etruscan King is driven out of Rome
From 350 B.C. - Rome captures Etruria, numerous Roman colonies are founded
From 400 A.D. - Migration of the peoples, leading to the devastation in Tuscany
476 - Fall of the West Roman Empire
568 - Rule of the Langobards, Dukedom of Tuscany is founded
774 - Franks conquer the country under Carl the Great and proclaim it to be the Franconian province of Tuszia, from the 9th century a county
Conflict of Investitures: Loyalty to the Pope contra Emperor
From 1050 - Rise of rival city states in the Conflict of Investitures (Battle of power emperor/pope), Florence becomes the imperial city, Pisa is victorious against the Saracens and become an important naval power
From 1100 - Rivalry between the guelfic (loyal to the Pope) Florence, Lucca and Montepulciano and the ghibellinian (loyal to the emperor) cities Pistoia, Pisa, Siena and Arezzo
1260 - Siena's victory over Florence at the Battle of Montaperti
Bank crash and Plague
1342 - Economical crisis, Bankruptcy in Florence and Siena
1348 - Half of Tuscany's population dies during the Plague. Cities such as Siena and San Gimignano loose power
From 1397 - Rise of the banking family Medici in Florence
1406 - Florence conquers Pisa and thusly gains a port
Medici Era
1434 - Cosimo il Vecchio founds the Medici era in Florence, supports art
From 1494 - Carl VIII occupies Florence, Medici are driven out twice
1537 - Cosimo I. takes over power in Florence
1555 - The last free citizen's republic Siena is defeated by Florence
From 1569 - Tuscany becomes a dukedom under Cosimo I.
1737 - The last Medici Gian Gastone dies, the grand duchy Tuscany falls to the Habsburg-Lorraine (equality of all citizens)
Habsburg-Lorraine Dukes
From 1799 - Napoleonic occupation of Tuscany
From 1814 - Renewed reign of the Habsburg dukes (expansion of the infrastructure, drainage of the swamps)
1848 - Tuscany's first constitution
Republic and Kingdom
1849 - Proclamation of the Tuscan Republic
1860 - Referendum in favour of joining Kingdom of Italy
From 1865 - Florence becomes provisional capital of Kingdom for seven years
Last Century
From 1920 - Rise of Fascism under Mussolini, 1936 Hitler-Stalin-Pact
From 1940 - Second World War, cities such as Pisa, Livorno and San Gimignano are devastated
1946 - Proclamation of Italian Republic, Tuscany is one of the 18 provinces
1966 - Devastating flood in Florence
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